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Characteristic
All (n = 1014)
Non-ICU (n = 809)
ICU (n = 205)
p -value
Demographics
Age, mean ± SD, years
47.2 ± 19.3 (1–104)
45.3 ± 19.3 (1–104)
52.9 ± 17.3 (5–95)
≤ 0.0005
Distribution
0–10 years
28 (2.8%)
20 (2.5%)
8 (3.9%)
≤ 0.0005
11–20 years
37 (3.6%)
33 (4.2%)
4 (1.9%)
21–30 years
126 (12.5%)
110 (13.6%)
16 (7.8%)
31–40 years
214 (21.1%)
195 (24.1%)
19 (9.3%)
41–50 years
164 (16.2%)
137 (16.9%)
27 (13.2%)
51–60 years
186 (18.3%)
155 (19.2%)
31 (15.1%)
61–70 years
144 (14.2%)
108 (13.3%)
36 (17.6%)
71–80 years
65 (6.4%)
32 (3.9%)
33 (16.1%)
81–90 years
37 (3.6%)
10 (1.2%)
27 (13.2%)
≥ 90 years
13 (1.3%)
9 (1.1%)
4 (1.9%)
Gender
Male
582 (57.4%)
466 (57.6%)
116 (56.5%)
0.858
Female gender
432 (42.6%)
343 (42.4%)
89 (43.5%)
Nationality
Saudi
900 (88.8%)
721 (89.1%)
179 (87.3%)
0.886
Non-Saudi
114 (11.2%)
88 (10.9%)
26 (12.7%)
Occupation
Healthcare worker
21 (2.1%)
16 (2%)
5 (2.4%)
0.755
Non-healthcare worker
993 (97.9%)
793 (98%)
200 (97.6%)
Smoking status
Not a smoker
920 (90.7%)
786 (97.2%)
134 (65.4%)
0.223
Past smoker
35 (3.4%)
6 (0.7%)
29 (14.1%)
Current smoker
59 (5.9%)
17 (2.1%)
42 (20.5%)
Hospital
King Fahad Hofuf Hospital
300 (29.6%)
249 (30.8%)
51 (24.9%)
≤ 0.0005
Aljabr Eye and ENT Hospital
218 (21.5%)
174 (21.5%)
44 (21.5%)
Alomran General Hospital
200 (19.7%)
150 (18.5%)
50 (24.4%)
King Faisal General Hospital
163 (16.1%)
152 (18.8%)
11 (5.4%)
Maternity and Children Hospital
71 (7%)
55 (6.8%)
16 (7.8%)
Prince Saud Bin Jalawi Hospital
62 (6.1%)
29 (3.6%)
33 (16%)
Educational level
Illiterate
146 (14.4%)
61 (7.5%)
85 (41.5%)
0.06
Primary to secondary
529 (52.2%)
449 (55.5%)
80 (39%)
University
172 (17%)
153 (18.9%)
19 (9.3%)
Unknown
167 (16.4%)
146 (18.1%)
21 (10.2%)
Exposure history
Contact with positive confirmed case
668 (65.9%)
548 (67.7%)
120 (58.5%)
0.062
Familiar/cluster infections
180 (17.8%)
149 (18.4%)
31 (15.1%)
Hospital staff
21 (2.1%)
17 (2.1%)
4 (1.9%)
From outside Saudi
1 (0.1%)
1 (0.1%)
0
Unknown
144 (14.1%)
94 (11.6%)
50 (24.4%)
Highest temperature (°C):
< 37.3
467 (46.1%)
414 (51.3%)
53 (25.8%)
≤ 0.0005
37.3–38.0
338 (33.3%)
226 (27.9%)
112 (54.7%)
38.01–39.0
147 (14.5%)
116 (14.3%)
31 (15.1%)
> 39.0
62 (6.1%)
53 (6.5%)
9 (4.4%)
Respiratory rate > 24 breaths per min
312 (30.8%)
168 (20.8%)
144 (70.2%)
≤ 0.0005
Comorbidities
Diabetes
202 (19.9%)
142 (17.5%)
60 (29.3%)
≤ 0.0005
Hypertension
276 (27.2%)
165 (20.4%)
111 (54.1%)
≤ 0.0005
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 )
91 (9%)
65 (8%)
26 (12.7%)
0.048
Asthma
26 (2.6%)
15 (1.8%)
11 (5.4%)
0.179
Coronary artery disease
16 (1.6%)
7 (0.9%)
9 (4.4%)
0.778
Thalassemia
3 (0.3%)
0
3 (1.5%)
0.222
Chronic kidney disease
5 (0.5%)
0
5 (2.4%)
0.592
Liver disease
1 (0.1%)
0
1 (0.5%)
0.778
Cerebrovascular disease
6 (0.6%)
3 (0.4%)
3 (1.5%)
0.127
Cancer
5 (0.5%)
1 (0.1%)
4 (1.9%)
0.691
Cardiomyopathies
3 (0.3%)
1 (0.1%)
2 (1%)
0.395
Heart failure
2 (0.2%)
0
2 (1%)
0.605
Ischemic heart disease
12 (1.2%)
3 (0.4%)
9 (4.4%)
0.520
Sickle cell disease
31 (3%)
17 (2.1)
14 (6.8%)
0.039
G6PD deficiency
14 (1.4%)
11 (1.3%)
3 (1.5%)
0.621
Pregnant
18 (1.8%)
10 (1.2%)
8 (3.9%)
0.379
Asymptomatic
152 (15%)
148 (18.3%)
4 (1.9%)
≤ 0.0005
Symptoms
Fever
348 (34.3%)
230 (28.4%)
118 (57.6%)
≤ 0.0005
Shortness of breath
362 (35.7%)
248 (30.6%)
114 (55.6%)
≤ 0.0005
Cough
484 (47.7%)
338 (41.8%)
146 (71.2%)
≤ 0.0005
Aches and pains
43 (4.2%)
24 (3%)
19 (9.3%)
0.139
Loss of taste or smell
54 (5.3%)
38 (4.7%)
16 (7.8%)
0.562
Nausea
19 (1.9%)
14 (1.7%)
5 (2.4%)
0.170
Chest pain
42 (4.1%)
26 (3.2%)
16 (7.8%)
0.258
Sore throat
46 (4.5%)
27 (3.3%)
19 (9.3%)
0.053
Headache
70 (6.9%)
46 (5.7%)
24 (11.7%)
0.063
Diarrhea
70 (6.9%)
62 (7.7%)
8 (3.9%)
0.077
Fatigue
74 (7.3%)
42 (5.2%)
32 (15.6%)
0.011
Myalgia
68 (6.7%)
44 (5.4%)
24 (11.7%)
0.153
Abdominal pain
25 (2.5%)
19 (2.3%)
6 (2.9%)
0.102
Vomiting
28 (2.8%)
24 (3%)
4 (1.9%)
0.013
Anorexia
39 (3.8%)
27 (3.3%)
12 (5.8%)
0.399
Rash
12 (1.1%)
9 (1.1%)
3 (1.5%)
0.470
Dizziness
18 (1.8%)
5 (0.6%)
13 (6.3%)
0.024
Time from exposure to the onset of illness (days)
5.39 ± 3.8 (1–15)
5.98 ± 3.96 (1–14)
4.49 ± 3.5 (2–15)
0.041
Time from illness onset to first hospital admission (days)
5.99 ± 3.9 (1–30)
5.97 ± 3.7 (1–22)
6.04 ± 4.45 (1–30)
0.646
Data are presented as number (%), or mean ± SD and (minimum–maximum)
COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, ICU intensive care unit, G6PD Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, BMI body mass index, SD standard deviation
